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James, William
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1842¡«1910Äê
James, William
U.S. philosopher and psychologist. Son of the philosophical writer Henry James (1811-1882) and brother of Henry James, he was born in New York City and studied medicine at Harvard, where he taught from 1872. His first major work, The Principles of Psychology (1890), treated thinking and knowledge as instruments in the struggle to live. His most famous work is The Varieties of Religious Experience (1902). In Pragmatism (1907), he generalized the pragmatism of Charles Sanders Peirce by asserting that the meaning of any idea must be analyzed in terms of the succession of experiential consequences it leads to; that truth and error depend solely on these consequences. He applied pragmatism to the analysis of change and chance, freedom, variety, pluralism, and novelty. Pragmatism was also the basis for his polemic against monism, the ¡°block universe,¡± the idealistic doctrine of internal relations, and all views that presented reality as a static whole. He was also a leader of the psychological movement of functionalism.
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